charts.axis
Axis geometry as data: tick positions, tick marks, label anchors and gridlines for number, time and category axes.
1.0.1 · published 2026-10-03 by charlie · Anterra
Pinned by 49 tests, run in TypeScript, Python and Rust.axisFromTicks 10 · numberAxis 11 · timeAxis 10 · bandAxis 10 · gridLines 8
What it does
An axis as data rather than drawing: the axis line, and for each tick its position, its mark, its label and where and how to anchor that label. Any renderer (SVG, canvas, a PDF library, a native chart view) can draw it without doing any arithmetic of its own, so a chart built in Python on the server and one built in TypeScript in the browser put every tick in the same place.
This is a group, because an axis is useless without its scale and ticks:
The functions
A group: 5 functions that work together, each in its own file, each pinned by its own tests in TypeScript, Python and Rust. A project can install only the ones it calls.
- axis_from_ticks (positions: float[], labels: string[], range: float[], orient: AxisOrient, position: float, tickSize: float) -> Axis
- number_axis (domain: float[], range: float[], count: int, orient: AxisOrient, position: float, tickSize: float) -> Axis
- time_axis (domain: date[], range: float[], count: int, orient: AxisOrient, position: float, tickSize: float) -> Axis
- band_axis (domain: string[], range: float[], paddingInner: float, paddingOuter: float, orient: AxisOrient, position: float, tickSize: float) -> Axis
- grid_lines (axis: Axis, length: float) -> Line[]
The types it declares, generated into your project
AxisOrient = Literal["bottom", "top", "left", "right"]
TextAnchor = Literal["start", "middle", "end"]
TextBaseline = Literal["hanging", "middle", "alphabetic"]
@dataclass(frozen=True)
class Line:
"""A straight line segment in pixels."""
x1: float
y1: float
x2: float
y2: float
@dataclass(frozen=True)
class AxisTick:
"""One tick: where it is, its mark, and where and how to draw its label."""
#: along the axis, in pixels
position: float
label: str
#: the tick mark, from the axis line outwards
tick: Line
label_x: float
label_y: float
#: SVG text-anchor for the label
anchor: TextAnchor
#: SVG dominant-baseline for the label
baseline: TextBaseline
@dataclass(frozen=True)
class Axis:
"""Everything needed to draw one axis; all pixel values rounded to 2 decimal places."""
orient: AxisOrient
#: the axis line's fixed coordinate
position: float
#: the axis line itself, along the range
line: Line
ticks: List[AxisTick]
Once installed, your code imports each one from the group's module.
axis_from_ticks throws on bad input 10 tests
def axis_from_ticks(positions: Sequence[float], labels: Sequence[str], range: Sequence[float], orient: AxisOrient, position: float, tick_size: float) -> Axis
| positions | float[] | where each tick falls along the axis, in pixels, from any scale |
| labels | string[] | one label per position |
| range | float[] | the axis line's [from, to] in pixels |
| orient | AxisOrient | |
| position | float | the axis line's fixed coordinate: y for bottom and top, x for left and right |
| tick_size | float | length of each tick mark; d3's default is 6 |
| returns | Axis |
For example
axis_from_ticks(0, 50, 100, 0, 5, 10, 0, 100, bottom, 200, 6)→ orient bottom, position 200, line …, ticks ×3 a bottom axis: marks point down, labels hang below themaxis_from_ticks(10, 90, a, b, 0, 100, top, 20, 6)→ orient top, position 20, line …, ticks ×2 a top axis: marks point up, labels sit on their baseline aboveaxis_from_ticks(300, 150, 0, 0, 50, 100, 300, 0, left, 40, 6)→ orient left, position 40, line …, ticks ×3 a left axis: marks point left, labels right-aligned beside them
from fune.charts.axis import axis_from_ticks # charts.axis@^1
Imports name this capability’s declared dependencies, which fune builds next to it in your project; each one links to its page.
from typing import Sequence
from .charts_axis_types import Axis, AxisOrient, AxisTick, Line
from .math_round_float import round_float ← from math.round-float ^1.0.0 · built alongside by fune
# d3-axis's default gap between the end of a tick mark and its label.
_LABEL_PADDING = 3
def axis_pixel(value: float) -> float:
"""A pixel coordinate rounded to 2 places, the precision every axis output uses."""
return round_float(value, 2)
def axis_line(x1: float, y1: float, x2: float, y2: float) -> Line:
return Line(x1=axis_pixel(x1), y1=axis_pixel(y1), x2=axis_pixel(x2), y2=axis_pixel(y2))
def check_orient(orient: str) -> None:
if orient not in ("bottom", "top", "left", "right"):
raise ValueError('orient must be bottom, top, left or right, received "%s"' % (orient,))
def axis_from_ticks(
positions: Sequence[float],
labels: Sequence[str],
range: Sequence[float], # noqa: A002 - the manifest names it range
orient: AxisOrient,
position: float,
tick_size: float,
) -> Axis:
"""Axis geometry from tick positions and labels, for any scale (d3-axis layout)."""
check_orient(orient)
if len(positions) != len(labels):
raise ValueError(
"positions and labels must be the same length, received %d and %d" % (len(positions), len(labels))
)
if len(range) != 2:
raise ValueError("range must have exactly 2 values, [from, to]; got %d" % len(range))
horizontal = orient in ("bottom", "top")
sign = 1 if orient in ("bottom", "right") else -1
mark_end = position + sign * tick_size
label_at = position + sign * (tick_size + _LABEL_PADDING)
ticks = []
for p, label in zip(positions, labels):
if horizontal:
ticks.append(
AxisTick(
position=axis_pixel(p),
label=label,
tick=axis_line(p, position, p, mark_end),
label_x=axis_pixel(p),
label_y=axis_pixel(label_at),
anchor="middle",
baseline="hanging" if orient == "bottom" else "alphabetic",
)
)
else:
ticks.append(
AxisTick(
position=axis_pixel(p),
label=label,
tick=axis_line(position, p, mark_end, p),
label_x=axis_pixel(label_at),
label_y=axis_pixel(p),
anchor="end" if orient == "left" else "start",
baseline="middle",
)
)
if horizontal:
line = axis_line(range[0], position, range[1], position)
else:
line = axis_line(position, range[0], position, range[1])
return Axis(orient=orient, position=axis_pixel(position), line=line, ticks=ticks)number_axis throws on bad input 11 tests
def number_axis(domain: Sequence[float], range: Sequence[float], count: int, orient: AxisOrient, position: float, tick_size: float) -> Axis
| domain | float[] | |
| range | float[] | |
| count | int | roughly how many ticks; nice values from charts.ticks |
| orient | AxisOrient | |
| position | float | |
| tick_size | float | |
| returns | Axis |
For example
number_axis(0, 100, 0, 500, 5, bottom, 300, 6)→ orient bottom, position 300, line …, ticks ×6 0 to 100 in steps of 20 along 500 pixelsnumber_axis(0, 1, 300, 0, 5, left, 40, 6)→ orient left, position 40, line …, ticks ×6 a y axis drawn upwards, labelled to one place because the step is 0.2number_axis(0, 5,000, 0, 100, 2, bottom, 0, 6)→ orient bottom, position 0, line …, ticks ×3 thousands are grouped
from fune.charts.axis import number_axis # charts.axis@^1
Imports name this capability’s declared dependencies, which fune builds next to it in your project; each one links to its page.
from typing import Sequence
from .charts_axis_axis_from_ticks import axis_from_ticks ← axisFromTicks, another function of this group · built into the same file, even by a slim install
from .charts_axis_types import Axis, AxisOrient
from .charts_format_format_tick import format_tick
from .charts_scale_linear_scale import linear_scale
from .charts_ticks_nice_ticks import nice_ticks
from .charts_ticks_tick_step import tick_step
def number_axis(
domain: Sequence[float],
range: Sequence[float], # noqa: A002 - the manifest names it range
count: int,
orient: AxisOrient,
position: float,
tick_size: float,
) -> Axis:
"""A linear number axis: nice ticks, placed by linear_scale, labelled for the step."""
if len(domain) != 2:
raise ValueError("domain must have exactly 2 values, [from, to]; got %d" % len(domain))
lo = min(domain[0], domain[1])
hi = max(domain[0], domain[1])
values = nice_ticks(domain[0], domain[1], count)
step = tick_step(lo, hi, count)
positions = [linear_scale(domain, range, v, False) for v in values]
labels = [format_tick(v, step) for v in values]
return axis_from_ticks(positions, labels, range, orient, position, tick_size)time_axis throws on bad input 10 tests
def time_axis(domain: Sequence[str], range: Sequence[float], count: int, orient: AxisOrient, position: float, tick_size: float) -> Axis
| domain | date[] | |
| range | float[] | |
| count | int | roughly how many ticks; the interval (day to year) is chosen to fit |
| orient | AxisOrient | |
| position | float | |
| tick_size | float | |
| returns | Axis |
For example
time_axis(2026-01-01, 2026-12-31, 0, 364, 4, bottom, 200, 6)→ orient bottom, position 200, line …, ticks ×4 a year in quarterstime_axis(2026-09-01, 2026-09-15, 0, 140, 7, bottom, 0, 6)→ orient bottom, position 0, line …, ticks ×8 a fortnight in days every 2 days, starting on the 1st of the month's odd daystime_axis(2026-12-31, 2026-01-01, 0, 364, 4, bottom, 0, 6)→ orient bottom, position 0, line …, ticks ×4 a date domain given backwards is placed backwards
from fune.charts.axis import time_axis # charts.axis@^1
Imports name this capability’s declared dependencies, which fune builds next to it in your project; each one links to its page.
from typing import Sequence
from .charts_axis_axis_from_ticks import axis_from_ticks ← axisFromTicks, another function of this group · built into the same file, even by a slim install
from .charts_axis_types import Axis, AxisOrient
from .charts_format_format_date import format_date
from .charts_scale_time_scale import time_scale
from .charts_ticks_time_tick_interval import time_tick_interval
from .charts_ticks_time_ticks import time_ticks
def time_axis(
domain: Sequence[str],
range: Sequence[float], # noqa: A002 - the manifest names it range
count: int,
orient: AxisOrient,
position: float,
tick_size: float,
) -> Axis:
"""A date axis: a calendar interval for about count ticks, labelled for that interval."""
if len(domain) != 2:
raise ValueError("domain must have exactly 2 values, [from, to]; got %d" % len(domain))
lo = min(domain[0], domain[1])
hi = max(domain[0], domain[1])
chosen = time_tick_interval(lo, hi, count)
values = time_ticks(lo, hi, chosen.interval, chosen.step)
positions = [time_scale(domain, range, v, False) for v in values]
labels = [format_date(v, chosen.interval) for v in values]
return axis_from_ticks(positions, labels, range, orient, position, tick_size)band_axis throws on bad input 10 tests
def band_axis(domain: Sequence[str], range: Sequence[float], padding_inner: float, padding_outer: float, orient: AxisOrient, position: float, tick_size: float) -> Axis
| domain | string[] | the categories, one tick at the centre of each band |
| range | float[] | |
| padding_inner | float | |
| padding_outer | float | |
| orient | AxisOrient | |
| position | float | |
| tick_size | float | |
| returns | Axis |
For example
band_axis(a, b, c, 0, 300, 0.2, 0.1, bottom, 100, 6)→ orient bottom, position 100, line …, ticks ×3 three categories, ticks at band centresband_axis(x, y, 0, 100, 0.5, 0, bottom, 0, 6)→ orient bottom, position 0, line …, ticks ×2 centres are rounded to 2 placesband_axis(north, south, 200, 0, 0, 0, left, 50, 6)→ orient left, position 50, line …, ticks ×2 a category axis on the left
from fune.charts.axis import band_axis # charts.axis@^1
Imports name this capability’s declared dependencies, which fune builds next to it in your project; each one links to its page.
from typing import Sequence
from .charts_axis_axis_from_ticks import axis_from_ticks ← axisFromTicks, another function of this group · built into the same file, even by a slim install
from .charts_axis_types import Axis, AxisOrient
from .charts_scale_band_scale import band_scale
def band_axis(
domain: Sequence[str],
range: Sequence[float], # noqa: A002 - the manifest names it range
padding_inner: float,
padding_outer: float,
orient: AxisOrient,
position: float,
tick_size: float,
) -> Axis:
"""A category axis: one tick at the centre of each band, labelled with the category."""
positions = [band_scale(domain, range, v, padding_inner, padding_outer, 0.5).center for v in domain]
return axis_from_ticks(positions, list(domain), range, orient, position, tick_size)grid_lines throws on bad input 8 tests
def grid_lines(axis: Axis, length: float) -> List[Line]
| axis | Axis | |
| length | float | how far across the plot each line runs, usually the plot's height or width |
| returns | Line[] |
For example
grid_lines(orient bottom, position 200, line …, ticks ×3, 180)→ ×3 from a bottom axis the lines run up across the plotgrid_lines(orient top, position 20, line …, ticks ×1, 100)→ ×1 from a top axis they run downgrid_lines(orient left, position 40, line …, ticks ×3, 460)→ ×3 from a left axis they run right
from fune.charts.axis import grid_lines # charts.axis@^1
Imports name this capability’s declared dependencies, which fune builds next to it in your project; each one links to its page.
import math
from typing import List
from .charts_axis_axis_from_ticks import axis_line, check_orient ← axisFromTicks, another function of this group · built into the same file, even by a slim install
from .charts_axis_types import Axis, Line
def grid_lines(axis: Axis, length: float) -> List[Line]:
"""One gridline per tick, from the axis line across the plot."""
check_orient(axis.orient)
if isinstance(length, bool) or not isinstance(length, (int, float)) or not math.isfinite(length) or length < 0:
raise ValueError("length must be a finite number of zero or more, received %r" % (length,))
pos = axis.position
out = []
for t in axis.ticks:
p = t.position
if axis.orient == "bottom":
out.append(axis_line(p, pos, p, pos - length))
elif axis.orient == "top":
out.append(axis_line(p, pos, p, pos + length))
elif axis.orient == "left":
out.append(axis_line(pos, p, pos + length, p))
else:
out.append(axis_line(pos, p, pos - length, p))
return outInstall
fune build
With that line in your source, in a Python project (language python in fune.project), fune build resolves it and its 4 dependencies, pins them in fune.lock, downloads only the Python package of each, and builds the code above into your project’s .fune/build, one readable file per capability with a header linking back here. Or pin a range in fune.project and build in one step:
fune add charts.axis
That builds the whole group. To build only what you call, and whatever it uses inside the group:
fune add charts.axis --only axisFromTicks
The manifest, vectors and README with only the Python implementation. Install it without the registry with fune add ./charts.axis-1.0.1-python.fune, or fetch it from a terminal with fune pull charts.axis@1.0.1:python.
The whole function, every language, is one file too: charts.axis-1.0.1.fune, 69,750 bytes, sha256 4aec0b33d90de1c1c687dff41d21141c1182ad88190729c54bf4fc3fbd7c0d4d. It installs into a project of any language.
Customise it in your app
The seams this capability offers. Put a marker directly above a function of your own and fune build wires it into the built code; the package on the registry is not changed, the built file’s header lists it under CUSTOMISED, and fune hooks lists every hook in the project. How hooks work.
before — your function gets the arguments and returns them, changed or not, or throws to refuse the call.
# fune: before charts.axis.axisFromTicks
# fune: before charts.axis.numberAxis
# fune: before charts.axis.timeAxis
# fune: before charts.axis.bandAxis
# fune: before charts.axis.gridLines
after — your function gets the result and the arguments, and returns the final result.
# fune: after charts.axis.axisFromTicks
# fune: after charts.axis.numberAxis
# fune: after charts.axis.timeAxis
# fune: after charts.axis.bandAxis
# fune: after charts.axis.gridLines
replace — inside this capability’s code only, calls to a dependency go to your function, with the same signature. Other capabilities that use it are unaffected; write in * to replace it everywhere.
# fune: replace charts.format in charts.axis
# fune: replace charts.scale in charts.axis
# fune: replace charts.ticks in charts.axis
# fune: replace math.round-float in charts.axis
step — your function runs at a numbered point inside a function’s body, receives the in-scope values it names as parameters, and may return replacements. List the points with fune show charts.axis --steps.
# fune: step charts.axis.<fn> after <n|label>
Tests
A version published now needs at least 8 tests for every function, and one that expects the error for each function that throws; the registry refuses it otherwise. fune verify --all runs each case in TypeScript, Python and Rust, and a project runs them again with fune verify. This page lists the cases; it does not run them. The exact JSON is vectors.json.
axisFromTicks 10 tests
| Case | Arguments | Expected | |
|---|---|---|---|
| a bottom axis: marks point down, labels hang below them | 0, 50, 100, 0, 5, 10, 0, 100, bottom, 200, 6 | → | orient bottom, position 200, line …, ticks ×3 |
| a top axis: marks point up, labels sit on their baseline above | 10, 90, a, b, 0, 100, top, 20, 6 | → | orient top, position 20, line …, ticks ×2 |
| a left axis: marks point left, labels right-aligned beside them | 300, 150, 0, 0, 50, 100, 300, 0, left, 40, 6 | → | orient left, position 40, line …, ticks ×3 |
| a right axis: labels start after the marks | 0, 100, low, high, 0, 100, right, 500, 4 | → | orient right, position 500, line …, ticks ×2 |
| pixels are rounded to 2 places, half away from zero | 12.345, 12.345, x, y, 0.004, 99.996, bottom, 100.125, 6 | → | orient bottom, position 100.13, line …, ticks ×2 |
| zero-length marks put labels 3 pixels from the line | 5, 5, 0, 10, left, 0, 0 | → | orient left, position 0, line …, ticks ×1 |
| an axis with no ticks is just its line | , , 0, 300, bottom, 150, 6 | → | orient bottom, position 150, line …, ticks |
| a label per position is required | 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, bottom, 0, 6 | → | error: positions and labels must be the same length |
| an unknown orient is an error, not a left axis | 0, 0, 0, 1, middle, 0, 6 | → | error: orient must be bottom, top, left or right |
| a range needs two ends | 0, 0, 0, bottom, 0, 6 | → | error: range must have exactly 2 values |
numberAxis 11 tests
| Case | Arguments | Expected | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 0 to 100 in steps of 20 along 500 pixels | 0, 100, 0, 500, 5, bottom, 300, 6 | → | orient bottom, position 300, line …, ticks ×6 |
| a y axis drawn upwards, labelled to one place because the step is 0.2 | 0, 1, 300, 0, 5, left, 40, 6 | → | orient left, position 40, line …, ticks ×6 |
| thousands are grouped | 0, 5,000, 0, 100, 2, bottom, 0, 6 | → | orient bottom, position 0, line …, ticks ×3 |
| a domain that is not nice only gets the ticks inside it | 3, 97, 0, 94, 4, bottom, 0, 6 | → | orient bottom, position 0, line …, ticks ×4 |
| negative to positive | -10, 10, 0, 200, 4, top, 0, 6 | → | orient top, position 0, line …, ticks ×5 |
| count below 1 is an error | 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, bottom, 0, 6 | → | error: count must be a whole number of at least 1 |
| a domain needs two ends | 0, 0, 1, 5, bottom, 0, 6 | → | error: domain must have exactly 2 values |
| a right axis: labels start 3 pixels past the marks | 0, 10, 0, 100, 2, right, 0, 6 | → | orient right, position 0, line …, ticks ×3 |
| a domain given backwards puts its ticks backwards | 10, 0, 0, 100, 2, bottom, 0, 6 | → | orient bottom, position 0, line …, ticks ×3 |
| a step of 0.05 labels every tick with two places | 0, 0.1, 0, 100, 2, bottom, 0, 6 | → | orient bottom, position 0, line …, ticks ×3 |
Show the other 1 test
| Case | Arguments | Expected | |
|---|---|---|---|
| an unknown orient is an error | 0, 10, 0, 100, 5, centre, 0, 6 | → | error: orient must be bottom, top, left or right |
timeAxis 10 tests
| Case | Arguments | Expected | |
|---|---|---|---|
| a year in quarters | 2026-01-01, 2026-12-31, 0, 364, 4, bottom, 200, 6 | → | orient bottom, position 200, line …, ticks ×4 |
| a fortnight in days every 2 days, starting on the 1st of the month's odd days | 2026-09-01, 2026-09-15, 0, 140, 7, bottom, 0, 6 | → | orient bottom, position 0, line …, ticks ×8 |
| a date domain given backwards is placed backwards | 2026-12-31, 2026-01-01, 0, 364, 4, bottom, 0, 6 | → | orient bottom, position 0, line …, ticks ×4 |
| an impossible date is an error | 2026-02-30, 2026-12-31, 0, 1, 4, bottom, 0, 6 | → | error: is not a real calendar date |
| leap years make yearly ticks uneven: 2021 is 366 days along, not 365 | 2020-01-01, 2025-01-01, 0, 500, 5, bottom, 0, 6 | → | orient bottom, position 0, line …, ticks ×6 |
| in a leap year March starts on day 60 | 2024-01-01, 2024-04-01, 0, 91, 3, bottom, 0, 6 | → | orient bottom, position 0, line …, ticks ×4 |
| weekly ticks fall on Mondays, not on the first date | 2026-09-01, 2026-09-29, 0, 280, 4, left, 50, 6 | → | orient left, position 50, line …, ticks ×4 |
| a domain needs two ends | 2026-01-01, 0, 100, 4, bottom, 0, 6 | → | error: domain must have exactly 2 values |
| count below 1 is an error | 2026-01-01, 2026-12-31, 0, 364, 0, bottom, 0, 6 | → | error: count must be a whole number of at least 1 |
| an unknown orient is an error | 2026-01-01, 2026-12-31, 0, 364, 4, middle, 0, 6 | → | error: orient must be bottom, top, left or right |
bandAxis 10 tests
| Case | Arguments | Expected | |
|---|---|---|---|
| three categories, ticks at band centres | a, b, c, 0, 300, 0.2, 0.1, bottom, 100, 6 | → | orient bottom, position 100, line …, ticks ×3 |
| centres are rounded to 2 places | x, y, 0, 100, 0.5, 0, bottom, 0, 6 | → | orient bottom, position 0, line …, ticks ×2 |
| a category axis on the left | north, south, 200, 0, 0, 0, left, 50, 6 | → | orient left, position 50, line …, ticks ×2 |
| a repeated category is an error | a, a, 0, 100, 0, 0, bottom, 0, 6 | → | error: domain has a repeated value |
| one category fills the range and sits in the middle | only, 0, 100, 0, 0, bottom, 0, 6 | → | orient bottom, position 0, line …, ticks ×1 |
| outer padding on a top axis: a third of a step each side | a, b, 0, 100, 0, 0.5, top, 10, 6 | → | orient top, position 10, line …, ticks ×2 |
| a reversed range puts the first category at the far end | a, b, c, 300, 0, 0, 0, bottom, 0, 6 | → | orient bottom, position 0, line …, ticks ×3 |
| no categories is just the axis line | , 0, 100, 0.1, 0.1, bottom, 0, 6 | → | orient bottom, position 0, line …, ticks |
| inner padding above 1 is an error | a, b, 0, 100, 1.5, 0, bottom, 0, 6 | → | error: paddingInner must be between 0 and 1 |
| an unknown orient is an error | a, b, 0, 100, 0, 0, centre, 0, 6 | → | error: orient must be bottom, top, left or right |
gridLines 8 tests
| Case | Arguments | Expected | |
|---|---|---|---|
| from a bottom axis the lines run up across the plot | orient bottom, position 200, line …, ticks ×3, 180 | → | ×3 |
| from a top axis they run down | orient top, position 20, line …, ticks ×1, 100 | → | ×1 |
| from a left axis they run right | orient left, position 40, line …, ticks ×3, 460 | → | ×3 |
| from a right axis they run left | orient right, position 500, line …, ticks ×1, 460.004 | → | ×1 |
| no ticks, no gridlines | orient bottom, position 0, line …, ticks , 50 | → | |
| a negative length is an error | orient bottom, position 200, line …, ticks ×3, -1 | → | error: length must be a finite number of zero or more |
| a zero length draws each line as a point on the axis | orient bottom, position 200, line …, ticks ×1, 0 | → | ×1 |
| any negative length is refused, however small | orient bottom, position 200, line …, ticks ×1, -0.01 | → | error: length must be a finite number of zero or more |
More from the author
- `numberAxis` for a linear number scale: nice tick values inside the domain (`charts.ticks` niceTicks), placed by `charts.scale` linearScale, labelled by `charts.format` formatTick with just enough decimals for the step (0.1, 0.2, 0.3, never 0.30000000000000004). - `timeAxis` for dates: `charts.ticks` picks the calendar interval (days, weeks, months, quarters, years) that gives about `count` ticks, puts ticks on its boundaries, and `charts.format` formatDate labels them for that interval. - `bandAxis` for categories: a tick at the centre of each band of `charts.scale` bandScale with the same padding as the bars. - `axisFromTicks` builds the geometry from any positions and labels, for scales this group does not cover (a log scale with hand-picked ticks). - `gridLines` runs a line from each tick across the plot.
## Layout (as d3-axis)
The mark points away from the plot: down from a bottom axis, up from a top one, left from a left axis, right from a right one, `tickSize` pixels long. The label sits 3 pixels past the end of the mark (d3's default tick padding). Under a bottom axis it is centred with `dominant-baseline: hanging`; above a top axis centred on its alphabetic baseline; beside a left axis right-aligned (`text-anchor: end`) and vertically centred; beside a right axis left-aligned. `position` is the axis line's fixed coordinate: its y for a bottom or top axis, its x for a left or right one.
Gridlines start on the axis line and run `length` pixels across the plot, the opposite way to the marks.
Every pixel value is rounded to 2 decimal places by `math.round-float`, half away from zero, so the numbers agree to the digit in every language. Labels are not measured here: how wide text is depends on the font, which only the renderer knows; `charts.layout` estimates widths when a layout needs them.
Source: d3-axis (github.com/d3/d3-axis), the conventions for mark direction, padding and anchors.
1.0.1 adds tests; behaviour unchanged.